022: Single ended FET mixers and their IIP3 (50MHz)

 トランジスタのアクティブミクサには変換利得があり、注入する局発信号も小さなもので済むのでシンプルな無線機づくりには欠かせませんが、強信号でオーバーロードしやすいのが弱点。一般論として、強信号下での感度抑圧、多信号による相互変調妨害などはパッシブのダイオードミクサより劣ります。その中で、FET ミクサはバイポーラほど利得が取れませんが、二乗特性で奇数次歪が少ないから長く好んで使われてきました。その実力のほどを数値で把握しようと思い、代表的なJ-EFT、単ゲートMOS-FET、Dual Gate MOS-FETを選んで50MHz→7MHzのヘテロダインミクサを作り、改めてインターセプトポイントを測定してみました。

(JFET)
 2SK19ではGate注入にてダイオードミクサ並みのIIP3 +10~+13dBmを得ました。変換利得は局発注入量を1Vまで増やしても高々2dBと低目です。ドレイン負荷インピーダンスを高く取ればゲインを増やせますが、歪も増えますから考えものです。2SK192AはIIP3 +7~+9dBmで旧型の2SK19より変換利得もやや高くFBです。両者ともソース注入よりゲート注入の方がIP点は常に3~5dB高くなるという結果でした。

(MOS FET)
・単ゲートの2SK241は変換利得9dB 以上と高感度です。注入電圧が小さくても正の利得があり、IIP3も+3~+7dBmと良好なレベルです。今回評価したミクサの中では最も気軽に使える一つかもしれません。JFETと違い、IP点も変換利得もソース注入とゲート注入で大きな差は認められませんでした。

・Dual gate FETのミクサはG2に局発信号を与えますが、注入条件設定が簡単で、かつANT入力端へのリークも少ないところがメリットです。容易に10dB近くの変換ゲインが取れますが、予想に反しIP点は他より5~10dB劣るとの結果でした。低NFと変換利得の両方を求める時は大変好都合ですが、しかしかつての様にこれを二段並べてダブルコンバージョンするような使い方に、既に分が無いことは明らかです。(TX,RX-002参照)

(感度抑圧)
 図にあるセッティングでANTからの外来信号を聴感チェックしましたが、どのミクサも-27~-23dBm×2ぐらいから多少の抑圧を感じ始めました。仮にこの前段に20dB利得のRFアンプが付いたとすると、大体59+30dB位から影響が出始めるということになります。

(NF)
 0.5Vrmsの局発を注入したとき、MOS型FETミクサのNFは実測5.0dB以下で、これはRFアンプ無しでも十分QSOできるレベルです。現代はハイパワー局が多く、簡単コンパクトリグと言えども良好な多信号特性が求められますから、RFアンプのゲインは抑え気味がベターでしょう。RFアンプ無しでやる場合は、局発のANTリークに注意しながら上手にアレンジしたいものです。



As a general opinion, performance of intermodulation interference and desensitization of a transistor active mixer are inferior compared with that of passive diode mixer. It's certainly the weak point of an active mixer that overload tolerance is low. But an active mixer has conversion gain, and a powerful local oscillator which is needed for a diode DBM is not necessary. I think it can't be missed to build a simple and tiny home-made radio set.

A FET mixer is inferior to a bipolar mixer in the conversion gain point of view, but there is little IMD of odd number because of square-law characteristic, so it has been preferred and used for long. Typical J-FET, single gate MOS-FET and dual gate MOS-FET were chosen, and a heterodyne mixer of 50MHz down to 7MHz was built to measure the IIP3 this time.

(JFET)
I got IIP3 of +10 to +13dBm with a gate injected 2SK19. I think it’s a diode mixer quality. However, even if the injection volume is increased to 1V rms, conversion gain is low, which is 2 dB at most. If the drain load impedance is set higher, the conversion gain can be increased, but because the distortion also increases, that isn't always good choice. The IIP3 of 2SK192A is +7 to +9dBm and it showed a little higher conversion gain than an old 2SK19. The result was in common that IIP3 of gate injection is 3 to 5dB higher than that of source injection.

(MOS FET)
2SK241 (single gate) is sensitive enough which gives more than 9dB of conversion gain on 6m. Even if the injection level of LO OSC is small, there is a positive gain, and IIP3 is also +3 to +7dBm of good level. It's one which can be used most casually in the single ended FET mixers estimated this time. Unlike JFET's result, neither IIP3 nor conversion gain could admit the difference between source injection and gate injection.

A local signal is given to G2 of a Dual gate FET mixer. Because the G2 impedance is high, the injection condition setting is easy, and moreover it's the merit that the LO signal leakage to the ANT input end is small. It's easy to get nearly 10 dB of conversion gain, but IIP3 was 5 to 10dB inferior to other single gate mixers contrary to expectation. If we request both of low NF and conversion gain to a mixer, dual gate FET is a good choice even now. But in the overload tolerance point of view, it clearly seems to be not good to use these mixers in series for a double conversion radio receiver like the old times. (Please see TX, RX-002)

(desensitization)
I checked 50MHz signal from my ANT with the arrangement shown on the attached illustration. And every mixer has begun to show a little compression at the input level of -27 to -23dBm. If an RF amplifier of 20dB gain is in use, it means that the mixer will start to be affected at S9+30dB signal.

(NF)
Noise figure of a MOS-FET mixer is less than 5dB, and this level is good enough for actual QSO without a low noise pre-amplifier. There are a lot of high-power stations in today, so strength against overload is wished for even if the radio rig is not sophisticated one. Therefore, the gain of an RF amplifier should be set to a necessary minimum. In case of a converter without RF amplifiers, please be careful of a LO leakage to the ANT.



 

 

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2021年09月09日